An antipsychotic are the drug substances used to manage psychosis. Psychosis means abnormal condition of the mind which involves a \"loss of contact with reality\". Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder with impairment of reality testing, thinking, speech, emotions. Approximately 4.75 million individuals suffer from schizophrenia in the United States. Antipsychotic action of drug or compound has not been predicted by pharmacological tests but has been found in clinical trials by serendipity. Several in vitro methods and in vivo model were developed to measure the receptor blockade by antipsychotics. In vitro methods are describe as follows: (1). D1 receptor assay: [3h]-sch 23390 binding to rat striatal homogenates: It helps to find the class of compound and also about selectivity for the D1 receptor. (2) D2 receptor assay: [3h]-spiroperidol binding: measure drug binding affinities for D2 receptor and their molar potencies in antagonism of apomorphine- or amphetamine-induced stereotypy. Several other in vitro methods are used to measure binding affinities for receptor present in the brain tissues, anatomical locations of receptors, side effect or adverse effect. In vivo studies are performed to study the behavioral changes that occur after drug administration, mechanism of action and side effect of a drug substance. For behavioral studies following models are widely used catalepsy in rodents, Pole climb avoidance in rats, Foot -shock induced aggression. For dosing and mechanism of action drug substance side effect, adverse effect studies following models are majorly used like Amphetamine group toxicity, Inhibition of amphetamine stereotypy in rats.
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